Does It Matter if We Think of Family Sturcture as Representing a Stressful Event Such as Divorce
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Influence of Parental Divorce on Anxiety Level of Adolescents
Submitted: June 15th, 2017 Reviewed: September 26th, 2017 Published: Dec 20th, 2017
DOI: ten.5772/intechopen.71287
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Abstract
Family unit divorce might have an outcome on some aspects of kid development. Boyhood as a transitional stage is marked by process of seeking identity, the demand for intimate relationship, as well as the struggle for psychological independence from family. Anxiety is defined as a state of extreme worry, fear, and uncertainty which results from the expectation of a threatening effect or state of affairs. The aims of report are: to explore the differences in anxiety levels amid adolescents from divorced and intact families; to explore the level of anxiety of adolescents from divorced and intact families with respect to their genders. A demographic questionnaire was created and The Beck Anxiety Inventory was practical to measure anxiety. The calibration was applied with 162 participants who were chosen randomly from 5 different high schools in Istanbul province. The report found out that at that place are statistically meaning differences in anxiety level of adolescents betwixt children from divorced and intact families. Descriptive measures are in range as follows: (17.67 ± 9.645). The adolescents from divorced families had a higher level of feet (t = 17.322; p < .05). The result related to the 2d study aim shows that there are no statistically meaning differences in feet between male person and female adolescents from divorced and intact families (p > .05).
Keywords
- family
- anxiety
- parental divorce
- development
- boyhood
*Address all correspondence to: stahirovic@ius.edu.ba
1. Introduction
One of the most of import factors that decide the development of children is family unit, in which parents provide a secure place for psychosocial development, in which children learn behaviors and moral and upstanding principles.
From birth to the maturation menses, children laissez passer through developmental stages which are marked by different challenges, but at the same time there are achievements of specific developmental milestones. Boyhood is a developmental stage which has particularly emphasized challenges in the field of rapid physical evolution, evolution of identity, and positioning of a young person into the world of adults. This is the stage which is marked by the transformation of physical identity, way of thinking, taking responsibility, and trying to become contained. Therefore, for a bulk of youth, this is the period which is marked by turbulence and various kinds of fear from failure. This psychological country sometimes transforms into a status that can exist identified as anxiety in a immature person which can interfere with normal psychological processes in boyhood. Adolescents are often in conflict with their parents because, they want to be independent, simply at the same time their parents' love and the sense of security in the family is necessary for them.
Tendencies in modern order indicate an increased number of divorces and an increased number of families in which 1 parent takes care of the child, while the other parent only occasionally participates in the upbringing of children. In the most cases, divorce ways frequent conflicts, and a tense and insecure atmosphere in the family unit. If a child grows up in such an temper, his/her judgment of family insecurity may cause the development of anxiety symptoms. Having in mind the natural developmental processes happening during adolescence, we wanted to examine whether growing upwards in a family where the divorce of parents exists increase the probability of development of anxiety in adolescents. Since nosotros know that family is an important factor in kid development, we assume that young persons who grow up in divorced families have higher level of anxiety than those growing upwards in consummate families.
Information technology is very difficult to make a definition of the concept of family that is common for all human societies. Societies requite unlike meanings to the concept of family depending on their own structures. It is accepted by all societies that family is i of the essential structures of system, and information technology is even the foundation of society [one].
Various definitions are developed for the concept of family unit. Some of these definitions focus on the structure of family while the others focus on the functions of family. A mutual point of these definitions is that family is the most basic social foundation in whatsoever society. Family is a social structure making a person happy to be a member of information technology; it is a place where a person feels protected in every aspect of life. Basic needs in life are fulfilled past family. The first interaction is experienced inside the family. Basic behaviors and habits related to life are caused by an interaction in the family unit [2]. Family unit is the kickoff identify of learning which is very important for the child's social and emotional evolution [3].
Family setting in which the child grows up has an important role for the development of child personality; it provides the most useful adaptation skill to the social club to which the kid belongs. Parents' back up to the child in the adaptation process to the physical and social environment has a pregnant affect on child social and personality evolution [4]. A harmonious human relationship between mother and male parent helps them develop a consistent, warm, and affective approach to their children. In that manner, family unit represents an surroundings in which love, compassion, care, confidence, support, and republic are provided. Furthermore, a democratic interaction between mother and male parent grounds the development of a healthy and efficient communication between female parent-father and their children [5]
From the legal perspective, divorce is described as the termination of the marriage with the decision of judge based on anticipated reasons explained in the legislation. Different authors presented different factors that might cause divorce. Ozguven [6] presented the basic reasons for divorce as follows: inadequate familiarization of husband and wife during premarital process causes loftier probability for divorce; unlike socio-economic condition of husband and married woman and different cultural environment makes harmony hard; communication issues among couples damage the relationship of husband and wife; an intervention by parents of married man and wife to family unit life dynamics cause conflicts and many bug in spousal relationship; jealousy harms the trust and tolerance between husband and wife effecting happiness and harmony. In accordance to Ciftci and Bicici [7], the problems in union which can pb to divorce can be listed equally follows:
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Financial problems: it is frequently reported that the persistence of financial issues in the family unit run into the adventure for divorce.
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Advice problems: nearly of problems among people commonly occur as a result of failing of communication or a faulty advice. Advice problems can happen betwixt wife and husband, or parents and children, or wife-husband and their parents.
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Ecology problems: environmental problems can crusade the existence of some problems inside the family by factors such as the effect of the working conditions of family members or neighborhood relations.
Even though divorce is perceived equally a relief and rescue from an unhappy marriage for couples, it really means the destruction of the family unit system and the marriage which was established with peachy expectations and hope. Very often problems would not be solved with divorce and it can affect couples in a negative way regarding psychosocial and fiscal aspects. Because of these reasons, divorce in general is not interpreted as a complete return to the premarital liberty or a rescue, meaning a new bachelorhood menstruation. Divorce is really the get-go of a difficult period which is not the cease of unhappiness. Couples take the feeling of emptiness. They have needs of overcoming previous habits, and building a new life style and new relations [eight].
Today, divorce has become a natural matter every bit a role of marriage life even though it is unfavorable for families, and especially children. In cases when divorce is the best solution for the family, realization of divorce in a civilized way causes less psychological and personal damage in husband and wife, and their children [9].
The concept of female parent/father in union is a vital chemical element in terms of psychological development and social accommodation of the kid. In other words, living with mother and male parent, growing up with mother and father, and having an unbroken family unit are the essential factors needed for emotional development, too as social and psychological maturity of the child. Notwithstanding, if the concept of mother/begetter in marriage means family atmosphere with tense relations betwixt female parent and father and dominant presence of restlessness and conflicts, the family concept does not provide a secure environment for the child. It is indicated that the degree of affect of divorce on child depends on the way how divorce is realized [10]. Moreover, information technology is specified that the case of a stressful menses of divorce, an unhealthy communication, and a lack of dear and security issues affect the kid deeply rather than divorce itself [11]. Getting over the example of divorce is very difficult for a child without an intense parental back up. Kid has the fear of being abandoned. Therefore, a kid whose father and mother are divorced demand more clear signs to be loved and valued. Each kid is affected by the separation of mother and father. The degree of influence depends on some factors such as historic period, personality evolution, and parental mental attitude [12, thirteen].
The emotional reaction of adolescents on divorce is marked by pain, disbelief, anger, and the feeling of loss. Regarding their beliefs, some adolescents testify issues in behavior, such equally running abroad from school, taking drugs and alcohol, failure at schoolhouse and like, which tin be considered every bit a response to parent's divorce. Adolescents often take the feeling of guilt toward parent's divorce; they believe that either their behavior or the fulfillment of parents' expectations is the cause of divorce. These feelings, besides the judgment of the loss of security of the family environment, reveal the cause of depression or the development of symptoms of feet. The reaction on parents' divorce in adolescence is different according to gender. Immature girls brainstorm early sexual relations more than often due to the lack of self-conviction, while boys ofttimes react on a behavior surface area by aggressive and delinquent behaviors. The risk for drug and alcohol abuse is present in both genders [xiv].
Information technology is too stated that divorce has rarely a positive effect on the child. Moreover, it is emphasized that lack of a parent, emotional and fiscal tightness, and sometimes continual conflicts between divorced parents would crusade psychological bug for many children. However, it is likewise mentioned that even though children have adaptation issues for the new life, the sensitivity for divorce mostly depends on age, developmental maturity, length of passed time later on divorce, and social support organization. The reactions also alter according to the maturity of the child and circumstances at habitation. Therefore, it is explained that the determination of the standard reactions of such situation is very hard [15].
Children commonly appraise divorce as the end of the family life, prediction of hereafter catamenia of uncertainty, and loss of love from at least 1 of the parents. Feelings of uncertainty and difficulties to predict and control the situation can cause anxiety. In addition to that, if parents, because of personal stress, do not pay attention to the kid's psychological reactions on divorce, there will be a neat hazard for development of psychological problems such as anxiety. Separation anxiety, specific phobia, and selective mutism might be more than present in children in preschool period. Generalized feet disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder might exist more than present in adolescence period [16].
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2. Central aspects of development in boyhood
Boyhood as a transitional phase is the period in which psychological, cognitive, and emotional changes are experienced as a result of seeking identity, the need for intimate human relationship, cognitive evolution, rapid sexual development, and the struggle for beingness psychologically contained from family unit. The beginning, duration, and termination of this period depend on social and cultural factors as well equally individual maturity levels [17].
Various physiological, psychological, and social changes and developments occur in this phase. The outcomes of changes in boyhood period might take an touch on hereafter life of the adolescent. This menstruation is referred equally "storm and stress" by many authors, has a crisis attribute with these developmental challenges. An adolescent has to cope with sex drives acquired by biological changes in body by adjusting to them. The cognitive developments occur in parallel with the periodical maturity drive [18].
The virtually important claiming in adolescence is the beginning of self-exploration as an individual. The boyish begins to ask questions such as 'Who am I?', 'What kind of person volition I exist?', and 'Who am I co-ordinate to other people?' During adolescence, psychosocial conflict of this stage develops as a result of getting in identity defoliation against identity evolution. Identity problems come up into prominence in this stage by and large. Achieving autonomy and adopting the new values are significant developmental points for adolescence. In this stage, conflicts with parents, failures at school, and bug in relations with persons of the same gender and peer of opposite sex activity stand out. According to Erikson'due south theory, the most important developmental duty of adolescence is the identity achievement. There are many dimensions of identity concept. These dimensions may exist grouped equally sexual, social, physical, psychological, moral, ideological, and occupational dimensions. All these dimensions form the entire identity. Firstly, sexual and physical dimensions of identity develop. While adolescents are mostly interested in their torso images and sexual identities in early on boyhood, the choice of profession, ideologies, and moral values are considered more important in afterward years [nineteen]. Psychological changes actualization during this period are results of rapid concrete changes. The adolescent gets anxious, uneasy, unbalanced, and incompatible even though he/she was previously happy, easygoing, and balanced. Adolescent's emotions and interests change, get waver and indecisive, while enthusiasm becomes excessive, limitless, or unbalanced [20]. Stress developing equally a event of changes in adolescence causes the adolescent to exist depressive, so the feeling of loneliness appears. Therefore, the boyish needs parents who would provide trust and back up in struggling with distress, pleasant feelings such every bit pessimism and uneasiness. If parents are able to listen to the adolescent without criticizing, despising, and judging, they provide an opportunity to him/her for self-expression and better condition for personality and identity development. However, the adolescent who does not have parental back up may feel anxiety, fear, and the feeling of loneliness. Time spent with friends increase and the boyish gets under the influence of friends more than he/she does during childhood. However, subjects that are under the influence of peers are limited and parents keep to exist the source of information in important topics for a young person. The adolescent finds parents' stance to exist important firstly in the subjects of future, school option, and profession choice. The experienced conflicts are generally related with moral behavior, relations with family unit members, academic success, taking responsibilities, and social interactions such as dressing mode and hair mode [21]
Every bit it is obvious, many adolescents experience internal psychological conflicts and external conflicts with their family unit and peers at the aforementioned time. Frequent shifts from mature behaviors to childish behaviors while identity development continues brand adolescents restless. Alien emotions more often than not increase in the effort to be independent of family. The adolescent is in emotion conflict with his need to be independent from family unit on one side, and the demand for their support and beloved on the other. The adolescents dream about being grown-up and changed into an developed persona as fast as possible. In the same fourth dimension they are not certain about new social roles and ways how to make personal choices and decisions. Even though adolescents try to deny the adequate role of parents and other meaning people, they notwithstanding feel safer to have parents effectually them. They usually resolve internal conflicts temporarily which give them the impression that they are independent and parents' support is unneeded in their life. Even so, in most cases, it is just an impression and a feeling, but in fact, they need parent's support, but on a different and more sophisticated way. The role of parents in boyhood period is supposed to exist backed upwards in resolving conflicts and struggling in identity confusion. Very oftentimes, parents experiencing their personal crises because of marriage problems and a possible divorce are not able to offer relevant back up to their children. Therefore, adolescents growing up in such families are faced with natural developmental challenges, problems in the family, and poor support from parents. All of this puts them into the more risky situation for the development of psychological issues such as feet [22].
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3. Feet disorders
Anxiety is defined as a state of extreme worry, fear, and incertitude which results from the expectation of a threatening event or situation. It frequently causes disruption of physical and psychological functioning [23]
In DSM 5 Classification, dissimilar types of anxiety disorders are presented and symptoms and diagnostic criteria are explained.
Identifying the causes of anxiety disorder nevertheless has an unclear respond. In early on theories, feet is explained as a defense strategy mechanism against the unconscious conflict. Information technology is explained as a kind of adaptive behavior that is needed for person with internal conflicts. We cannot ignore biological innate tendency to react on the new situation with fear and anxiety that many children perform in early childhood. Behavior learning theories claim that children learn anxiety feeling and behavior from their parents or important people. Parents with specific or generalized feet disorder ordinarily teach children to worry all the fourth dimension or to exist scared of specific objects or situations. A new enquiry has proved that anxiety is linked with specific neurobiological and hormonal changes and processes in the body. Factors related to family situation, parents' feet, family unit atmosphere, are factors that should be considered as important causes for anxiety disorder in children. Among other family factors, parenting styles, such as rigid-authoritative or oppositely permissive parenting, can cause fearfulness and nervousness in children. The way how family functions in everyday life, the manner how parents cope with stress, solve family problems or use disciplinary methods, are important aspects of family unit life that influence child's psychological development. Additional factors, such equally marital human relationship and parent-child relationship, are significant factors effecting child'south feelings and behavior. Parents' reaction on child'due south developmentally appropriate fears and behavior can fifty-fifty increase anxiety in children. Families with many marital problems that might result in divorce are weighed with stress as well equally disturbed family unit temper. Growing up in such an atmosphere, living with parents who worry or fight almost of the fourth dimension, has effected child psychological development [26, 27]
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iv. Research methodology
Descriptive research method was practical in social club to make up one's mind the human relationship between parental divorce every bit independent variable and anxiety as dependent variable. A quantitative method was practical to analyze the data.
4.1. Aims and hypotheses of study
The study had following aims: to explore the differences in anxiety levels among adolescents from divorced and intact families; to explore the level of anxiety of adolescents from divorced and intact families with respect to their genders.
Based on enquiry questions the following hypotheses are developed:
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H1: There is statistically significant deviation in level of anxiety betwixt adolescents from divorced and intact families.
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H2: There is no statistically significant difference in anxiety level among adolescents from divorced and intact families in regards to gender.
four.2. Participants and procedures
The sample consists of adolescents from five different high schools from Istanbul, Turkey. The participants of the study were chosen with systematic random sampling technique.
Principals from participating schools allowed the research. Departments in which the research was done are selected based on the information nosotros become from schools' managements, in which the departments containing children from divorced families were indicated. The written report was conducted with 190 students. However, the analysis was done with 162 participants considering some students did not give the data about whether or non they alive in divorced families. Some participants did non respond to all questions from Dorsum Anxiety Scale, therefore, all participants with incomplete data are excluded from the research. An boosted choice of participants of the study in regards to parental divorce as contained variable was not done, still we come up to an equal number of adolescents from divorced and intact families.
Participants were provided with the data sheet and informed consent before the study. The questionnaires were distributed to the participants. The participants were asked to answer the questions. For the cess of anxiety, the Beck Anxiety Inventory was practical with its Turkish adaptation. The instructions were given to the participants by explaining that they should select the closest argument in the answer box. The researcher was present during the survey, and every bit each was done, south/he would put them into the bundled box.
The research was conducted in 2016–2017 bookish yr. Both female and male person adolescents were included in the inquiry. A full of 73 female person and 89 male participants participated in the report.
four.three. Materials
A demographic questionnaire was created and one data drove instruments were applied for the study. For assessment of anxiety level of participants Beck Anxiety Inventory was used. It is a cocky-written report inventory which is developed past Aaron Beck in 1988 in society to measure intensity and severity of an individual'due south anxiety. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a 21-item Likert scale that is presented with iv response choices (4-point calibration) ranging from 0 to 3 every bit "Not at all", "Mildly", "Moderately", and "Severely". The total score has a minimum of 0 and maximum of 63. Results estimation provides us with a possibility to discriminate participants as anxious and not-anxious grouping. Among broken-hearted group the results from Dorsum Anxiety Inventory discriminate participants with low anxiety, moderate feet and high anxiety. The adaptation of the calibration in Turkish version is done by Ulusoy. Cronbach'due south alpha is .92 while test-retest is found as r = 75 and r = 67 [28].
4.4. Information analysis
A quantitative method was applied to analyze the information. The analysis of data was done using IBM SPSS version 19.0. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were employed in this report for summarizing the statistical characteristics of adolescents from divorced and intact families. Independent samples t-test was practical for investigating the difference between adolescents from divorced and intact families in their anxiety levels. Moreover, two-way ANOVA was applied to examine the difference between male and female person adolescents from divorced and intact families in their feet levels.
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v. Results
In this part of the report, descriptions of the findings are presented. Firstly, a description of the characteristics and background of the participants of the study were illustrated. The collected data were analyzed past applying frequencies, descriptive statistics, correlations, independent samples t-test, and two-style ANOVA. Research questions and hypotheses are followed for the representation of the results and interpretations of the results one past one. The results are illustrated with tables.
In Table 1 demographic feature of participants are presented. The gender, chronological age, and information nearly parental divorce are in the focus of our study.
| Frequency | Percent | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female | 73 | 45.1 |
| Male | 89 | 54.9 | |
| Total | 162 | 100 | |
| Age | xv | 10 | 6.2 |
| 16 | 27 | xvi.vii | |
| 17 | 84 | 51.9 | |
| 18 | 41 | 25.3 | |
| Total | 162 | 100.0 | |
| Parental divorce | Yes | 81 | fifty.0 |
| No | 81 | l.0 | |
| Total | 162 | 100.0 |
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants.
Regarding the gender of participants, 45.one% of participants were female and 54.nine% were male person. Majority of participants are age 17 (51.nine%), age 18 (25.3%), and 16 (16.7%.) Data presented in Table one proved that our participants are in boyhood menses, and that half of them live in divorced families and another half in intact families.
From the results in Table ii , we can conclude that 63.6% of our participants scored 21 and less, which can be interpreted as depression level of anxiety. Nigh 32.7% of our participants scored between 22 and 35, which indicates moderate anxiety of our participants. Approximately 3.7% adolescents scored 36 and more, which we considered every bit loftier anxiety. Although statistical data indicate that more than half of participants in the study accept depression level of anxiety, the fact that 36.4% of participants take moderate and loftier level feet is important information to exist considered and discussed.
| Statistics | ||
|---|---|---|
| BAI (0–3) | ||
| N | Valid | 162 |
| Missing | 0 | |
| Mean | 17.67 | |
| Std. mistake of mean | .758 | |
| Median | xv.50 | |
| Manner | seven | |
| Std. divergence | 9.645 | |
| Variance | 93.031 | |
| Range | 36 | |
| Minimum | 3 | |
| Maximum | 39 | |
| BAI (0–three) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percent | Valid pct | Cumulative percent | ||
| Valid | 3 | 1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| 4 | 8 | iv.9 | iv.9 | v.vi | |
| 5 | six | 3.seven | iii.7 | 9.3 | |
| 6 | three | 1.nine | 1.9 | xi.1 | |
| vii | 11 | 6.8 | half dozen.8 | 17.9 | |
| 8 | vi | 3.7 | iii.vii | 21.6 | |
| nine | nine | v.6 | five.6 | 27.2 | |
| 10 | 6 | iii.seven | 3.7 | xxx.9 | |
| 11 | ane | 0.6 | 0.6 | 31.5 | |
| 12 | x | 6.ii | half-dozen.2 | 37.7 | |
| thirteen | v | 3.1 | 3.i | 40.7 | |
| 14 | 6 | three.7 | iii.7 | 44.4 | |
| 15 | nine | v.half-dozen | 5.6 | 50.0 | |
| sixteen | 4 | 2.5 | ii.5 | 52.5 | |
| eighteen | 3 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 54.three | |
| nineteen | 7 | 4.iii | 4.3 | 58.6 | |
| 20 | vii | 4.3 | iv.iii | 63.0 | |
| 21 | 1 | 0.half dozen | 0.half-dozen | 63.6 | |
| 22 | v | 3.ane | three.1 | 66.7 | |
| 23 | three | ane.9 | 1.9 | 68.v | |
| 24 | 8 | 4.9 | 4.ix | 73.five | |
| 25 | four | 2.5 | 2.5 | 75.nine | |
| 26 | 2 | 1.2 | 1.two | 77.2 | |
| 27 | v | 3.1 | 3.1 | 80.two | |
| 28 | 7 | iv.three | 4.3 | 84.half-dozen | |
| 29 | 5 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 87.seven | |
| thirty | 2 | 1.two | i.2 | 88.9 | |
| 32 | 3 | i.ix | one.9 | xc.7 | |
| 33 | 3 | 1.ix | ane.ix | 92.vi | |
| 34 | 1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 93.2 | |
| 35 | v | 3.one | 3.1 | 96.three | |
| 36 | 3 | one.nine | 1.nine | 98.1 | |
| 38 | 2 | one.ii | ane.two | 99.four | |
| 39 | 1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 162 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Table 2.
Frequencies for Beck Anxiety Inventory scores.
The information nowadays cumulative results for all participants in the study, which includes adolescents who live in divorced and intact families. These data are confirmed by the data assay presented in Tabular array three .
| Descriptive statistics | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Range | Minimum | Maximum | Hateful | Std. deviation | Variance | ||
| Statistic | Statistic | Statistic | Statistic | Statistic | Std. fault | Statistic | Statistic | |
| BAI (0–3) | 162 | 36 | iii | 39 | 17.67 | .758 | 9.645 | 93.031 |
| Valid N (listwise) | 162 | |||||||
Table 3.
Descriptive statistic for Beck Anxiety Inventory scores.
In Tabular array 4 , data on anxiety level of adolescents from divorced families as well equally adolescents from intact families are presented. We notice out that adolescents from divorced families scored higher (One thousand = 25.43, SD = half-dozen.469) than adolescents from intact families (Thousand = 9.90, SD = 4.823) in anxiety.
| Variables | Groups | N | Mean | SD | df | T | Sig |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety | Adolescent from intact families | 81 | 9.ninety | 4.823 | 160 | 17.322 | .003 |
| Adolescent from divorced families | 81 | 25.43 | 6.469 |
Table 4.
Independent samples t-test result on the Brook Anxiety Inventory scores of adolescents from divorced and intact families.
Data presented in Tabular array iv proved that there are statistically significant differences in anxiety level of adolescents from divorced and intact families (t = 17.322;
I of the aims of our report was to investigate gender differences in anxiety level of our participants. In improver, nosotros wanted to get an answer on the question if immature boys and girls react differently on divorce in the family unit in regard to feet level.
Table 5 illustrates results of ii-manner ANOVA on the Brook Feet Inventory scores of adolescents from divorced and intact families with respect to their genders. As it is evident from Table v , in that location are no statistically significant differences in feet between male and female person adolescents from divorced and intact families (
| Tests of between-subjects effects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: BAI (0–3) | |||||
| Source | Blazon 3 sum of squares | df | Hateful square | F | Sig. |
| Corrected model | 8459.881 a | 3 | 2819.960 | 100.696 | .000 |
| Intercept | 48166.439 | one | 48166.439 | 1719.934 | .000 |
| Gender | 7.984 | 1 | vii.984 | .285 | .594 |
| Parental divorce | 8121.297 | 1 | 8121.297 | 289.996 | .000 |
| Gender × parental divorce | 87.945 | i | 87.945 | 3.140 | .078 |
| Error | 4424.761 | 158 | 28.005 | ||
| Total | 61626.000 | 162 | |||
| Corrected total | 12884.642 | 161 | |||
Table 5.
Two-way ANOVA result on the Beck feet inventory scores of adolescents from divorced and intact families with respect to gender.
R squared = .657 (adjusted R squared = .650).
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6. Give-and-take and conclusions
Presented research findings served us to explore the issue of anxiety level in adolescents and the way how anxiety level could exist continued to parents' divorce. We as well wanted to expect at the role of gender on anxiety level in adolescents and its relationship to parents' divorce. We have measured the level of feet by applying The Brook Anxiety Inventory (BAI) calibration. The mutual developmental challenges and identity crises in boyhood menstruum might be continued to the evolution of symptoms of anxiety in general. The results we got by measuring the feet level in adolescents in our written report indicated present tendencies of anxiety level in adolescents. Results in Table 2 explained that feet level amidst participants is not very high. Following the results of frequencies for Beck Anxiety Inventory scale, we can see that the majority of our participants have low level of feet. Still, our study indicated that 36.4% of our participants take moderate and high level of anxiety, which ways that every third participant have some symptoms of anxiety.
Our study indicated that adolescents from divorced families scored college level of anxiety than adolescents from intact families, and that there are statistically significant differences in anxiety level of adolescents from divorced and intact families (t = 17.322;
Those results tin can exist confirmed with the results presented in Table 5 . Results explored the issue of gender in regard to anxiety every bit dependent variable and divorce as independent variable. Data proved that adolescents from divorced families and intact families do non vary in their anxiety level in relation to gender in our sample. Our data indicate that adolescents react the aforementioned fashion on parents' divorce, and that both immature boys and girls react the same mode.
According to Ref. [14] possible reactions of young boys and girls on divorce are different. Young girls react more than emotionally, such equally early sexual relations, lack of self-confidence, while immature boys show aggressive and delinquent behaviors more often. Feet tin can be closely related to the mentioned behaviors in boys and girls. Anxiety could be a cause, but too a issue, of inappropriate behaviors amidst youth, which indicates the tendencies that divorce, feet, and problems in behavior are closely related. According to the aforementioned source, school phobia is the most frequent reaction of adolescents on the loss of one parent due to divorce. Our study confirmed this statement considering that school phobia is one of the types of anxiety.
Our study has reached its aims, research hypotheses were proved, and direct findings answered our enquiry questions. In order to broadly explore the problems of family unit, divorce, developmental challenges in adolescents in regard to anxiety level, information technology is important to be enlightened of some of the unavoidable limitations of the study as follows:
This study was conducted in Istanbul Province, Turkey, with 162 participants in total. Therefore, enquiry findings cannot be generalized to all adolescents from divorced and intact families. However, our research findings indicate the tendencies that could be discussed in connection with other research, knowledge, and practices as it is explained below.
Divorce of two persons formally marks the legal termination of mutual life and the division of common property. A particularly important issue is the division of responsibilities for the upbringing and education of children. Possible effects of divorce on the development of child and the connectedness to feet should exist observed over a long period of time. Observational period starts from the childhood catamenia before divorce, child's assumption about life after divorce takes place and menses of life when child lives with one parent and spends limited time with another i. The menstruum before divorce is most ofttimes the period which is marked by problems in parents' communication, whether the communication is insufficient or involves various forms of aggression. Such advice generates a tense atmosphere in family, which creates the feeling of tension and unpredictability for the kid. Those feelings directly have an influence on development of fears, feeling of inability to control the situation in the family, which all are a precondition for development of anxiety in young persons. If this situation lasts quite long, which is very frequently the instance, children start to develop very intensive specific fears which cannot be considered as "normal" or "typical" for a particular chronological age.
The parents' response to these fears is often inadequate, and involves the advice that the kid should ignore the fears, or these fears are even mocked by them. Over time, children acquire to hide their fears, or pretend not to have them at all. The accumulation of hidden fears oft results in social phobias or panic attacks in the boyish catamenia [16]
Another of import aspect of divorce begins with bringing the decision that parents will divorce, and the manner how they communicate that decision to children. Children are rarely ready for such a decision, parents oftentimes hibernate that decision in order to protect their children, or to requite themselves enough time to accept the fact that they are getting divorced. The moment the child realizes that the parents are getting divorced, the grief process starts due to the breakdown of the family, fears develop about what the time to come will bring, and a sense of confusion starts to develop virtually to whom the kid should be more than loyal, the parent with whom child continues to live, or the one who is "less responsible" for divorce. Living in such a state of affairs is associated with a loftier level of stress for both the child and parents, which is an boosted risk factor for the development of anxiety.
The function and responsibility of parents ofttimes modify because the conditions in which marital union functions are marked past frequent conflicts, lack of understanding, and violent relations among married partners at times. Parents because of their own problems spend less time with their children, accept less patience in communicating with them, and bring their own frustrations into the parent-kid human relationship. Children oft become the object of arguments and unsolved partner relations. In this way, the expected positive office of parents on the development of children becomes an additional run a risk for the development of psychological problems in youth, which includes anxiety as well. Parents are supposed to provide support, love and understanding, with conspicuously established rules and limitations, which would provide a good structure for boyish to overcome developmental challenges and stress considering of divorce.
The menses of adolescence, besides the developmental challenges already mentioned above, is the menstruation in which stress related to the inadequate family relations is most accumulated. Young persons are very disquisitional toward their parents during adolescence, and the act of divorce for them causes either anger toward their parents because of their inability to solve the problem, or otherwise a consummate withdrawal from lodge and difficulties to ascertain and achieve life goals. In both cases, a young person manifests a high level of frustration and the difficulty of adjusting behavior to the new role an adolescent has.
Findings of the enquiry [29] near the perceptions of youth concerning the values of parenting indicate that adolescents highly value warmth, beloved, understanding and support of their parents, regardless of the fact that they pay a great importance to their peers at the aforementioned time. Parents who are getting divorced or are already divorced often face themselves with the difficulty to provide an emotional back up to their children because of personal or environmental reasons.
Our research was conducted on a relatively pocket-size sample, and in one geographical area, however, results point to significant tendencies of higher anxiety level in adolescents who grow upward in divorced families. The fact that, in this study, we establish that boys and girls respond every bit to divorce when it comes to anxiety, and that at that place is no statistically significant differences in gender, further confirm our elaboration. The causes of anxiety can be institute in already explained situational, relational, and emotional furnishings of divorce on the psychological development of youth.
Our enquiry findings should aid researchers to explore other components which link divorce, adolescence and anxiety, such as the developmental period when divorce occurred, causes of divorce, support of other family members, additional financial effects of divorce, etc. This report should draw the attention of parents who are getting divorced that support for their children during such process is necessary in all aspects of psychosocial development.
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Submitted: June 15th, 2017 Reviewed: September 26th, 2017 Published: Dec 20th, 2017
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